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The Barnes Brief: Monday, May 8, 2023
May 08, 2023
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Barnes Brief

Schedule This Week

  • Bourbon w/ Barnes: Monday, Tuesday & Thursday at 9-ish pm est
  • The Closing Argument Today: The Brook Jackson Argument. (*Note: you are free to share this with anyone, as it has been placed into the official public record on the court docket in the pleadings in the case.)

Introduction: Top 10 Headlines

  • King Charles coronated in England. Grandkids steal the show.
  • Chelsea Clinton wants to force all kids to take all vaccines. Guess who helping? Bill Gates & WHO.  
  • Massive migrant train gathers on southern border.
  • Tyson Foods stocks drop again. Voodoo doll happy.
  • Chile elects right-leaning parties to rewrite Constitution.
  • Barr hid Biden corruption exposed by whistleblower.
  • ChatGPT panic source arrested.
  • Covid tests contaminated.
  • Georgia soon to have Florida-type power to remove DAs.
  • Biden admin using Strategic Petroleum Reserve to mask economic problems, while half of boomers report no savings.

Wisdom of the Day: “There is a growing coalition of populist forces on the left and right that are convening right now and that are finding common ground. And that really is probably the only thing that is going to rescue American democracy.” Robert Kennedy Jr.

The Evidence: Top Ten Articles from The Barnes Library

  1. Trouble in the credit system. https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/sloos-finds-even-tighter-credit-standards-collapse-ci-loan-demand-and-dire-outlook-rest
  2. Collapse of trust in the west. http://charleshughsmith.blogspot.com/2023/05/once-trust-has-been-lost-theres-no.html
  3. Vaccine harm: more proof. https://metatron.substack.com/p/covid-public-inquiry
  4. Foreign aid fails. https://www.liberalpatriot.com/p/the-limits-of-foreign-aid
  5. Stagflation cometh. https://quoththeraven.substack.com/p/the-path-to-full-stagflation
  6. Vaccine inefficacy. https://jdee.substack.com/p/assessment-of-vaccine-efficacy-part
  7. Streaming caused writers’ strike. https://www.msn.com/en-gb/money/technology/streaming-broke-the-career-ladder-striking-hollywood-writers-say/ar-AA1aTuAO
  8. Donors see the writing on the wall, and abandon DeSantis.https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/08/wall-street-desantis-reelection-00093736
  9. Deciphering Prigozhin: a different take. https://sonar21.com/evgeny-prigozhin-truth-teller-mad-man-or-maskirovka/
  10. Tucker considering his own Tucker-branded news network.https://www.axios.com/2023/05/07/fox-news-tucker-carlson

*Bonus: Local board member happy baby born. https://vivabarneslaw.locals.com/post/3970015/a-huge-white-pill-my-daughter-was-born

Closing Argument: Brook Jackson v. Pfizer

Pfizer's fraudulent scheme uncovered by Brook Jackson included: first, presenting a false claim to the government for payment of a product Pfizer never delivered nor ever intended to deliver; second, Pfizer's express certifications to the government the product was delivered according to the contractual terms when it wasn't; third, Pfizer's implied certification to the government the product was delivered according to the rules of clinical trials when it wasn't; and fourth, Pfizer's fraud in the inducement by Pfizer promising to deliver a product they never intended to deliver and knew they couldn't. Pfizer lied and people died. 

Fraudulent Presentment: Pfizer's invoices sought payment for delivering a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19. Pfizer never delivered the ordered product. Pfizer never delivered a safe drug. Pfizer never delivered an effective drug for the prevention of Covid-19. Pfizer never even delivered a vaccine. Pfizer expressly guaranteed each of these in their invoice by stating the product was in conformity with the contract because the contract itself compelled this language in the invoice as a precondition of payment. Pfizer knew they didn't. Additionally, the contract incorporated the EUA requirements into the contract – there had to be no effective alternative treatments before payment could issue. Pfizer lied by claiming no alternative effective treatments existed for Covid19, but hid information from the government concerning it. Worse, what Pfizer delivered was a historically dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that didn't prevent Covid19 at all, but would cause the deaths and disabilities of millions, and they knew it. Billions of taxpayer money lost, millions of disabilities and hundreds of thousands of American deaths, and this is the consequence of Pfizer’s fraud. Pfizer lied and people died. 

Fraud by Express False Certification: Pfizer certified their product complied with all the regulatory requirements explicitly included in the contract, when they used the contractually required language that required a contractually compliant product in the certification in the invoice. Pfizer's contract required they comply with all clinical testing safeguards and safety metrics required to assure their product was the required deliverable: a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19. Pfizer didn't comply with any of the clinical trial safeguards and safety metrics because they knew compliance would expose their produce as a historically dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that didn't prevent Covid19 at all, but would cause the deaths and disabilities of millions, and they knew it. Billions of taxpayer money lost, millions of disabilities and hundreds of thousands of American deaths, and this is the consequence of Pfizer’s fraud. Pfizer lied and people died. 

Fraud by Implied False Certification: Pfizer implicitly certified their product complied with all the regulatory requirements included in the contract, when they used the contractually required language that required a contractually compliant product in the certification in the invoice. Pfizer's contract required they comply with all clinical testing safeguards and safety metrics required to assure their product was the required deliverable: a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19. Pfizer didn't comply with any of the clinical trial safeguards and safety metrics because they knew compliance would expose their produce as a historically dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that didn't prevent Covid19 at all, but would cause the deaths and disabilities of millions, and they knew it. Billions of taxpayer money lost, millions of disabilities and hundreds of thousands of American deaths, and this is the consequence of Pfizer’s fraud. Pfizer lied and people died. 

Fraud in the Inducement: Pfizer induced the contract in the first instance by promising a particular deliverable: a safe, effective, vaccine, for the prevention of covid19, produced at both extraordinary speed and exceptional scale. At the time Pfizer made that promise, it never intended to, and knew it could not, deliver. The means of measurement of the safety, efficacy, immunization capacity and preventative capability of their product were clinical trials conducted in accord with the FDA rules. Pfizer induced the contract by fraud in the inducement, knowing it could not deliver a safe product, an effective product, a vaccine, or a drug for the prevention of Covid19 at speed and scale. Pfizer knew accurate clinical testing data would reveal those lies. Pfizer knew accurate clinical testing data would reveal a dangerous, ineffective product that was not a vaccine and didn't prevent Covid19. Pfizer knew accurate clinical trial data would show its product caused death, disability and disease, not prevented it. Brook Jackson uncovered this when she uncovered the clinical fraud. Pfizer didn't comply with any of the clinical trial safeguards and safety metrics because they knew compliance would expose their produce as a historically dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that didn't prevent Covid19 at all, but would cause the deaths and disabilities of millions, and they knew it. Billions of taxpayer money lost, millions of disabilities and hundreds of thousands of American deaths, and this is the consequence of Pfizer’s fraud. Pfizer lied and people died. 

False Records & False Claim: As part of the fraud, Pfizer falsified records, fabricated data, perjured statements and submitted fraudulent certifications. Pfizer did so to hide their fraud in inducing the contract in the first instance, to mask their fraudulent invoices, and to deceive the government about their fraudulent certifications to the government about what they were delivering to the government and how the product came to be developed contrary to contractual compliance, regulatory requirement, and ethical stricture, as well as the very essence of the bargain. Billions of taxpayer money lost, millions of disabilities and hundreds of thousands of American deaths, and this is the consequence of Pfizer’s fraud. Pfizer lied and people died. 

Materiality: Pfizer fooled both the Defense Department and the Food and Drug Administration. Neither the Defense Department nor the FDA knew Pfizer lied. Though later aware of allegations of fraud, both the DOD and FDA believed Pfizer's lies, and did not believe the fraud allegations against Pfizer. Pfizer lied when they claimed they could produce a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19 at speed and scale. Pfizer lied when they said they would comply with the clinical trial standards necessary to assess and predict efficacy, safety and immunization capacity. Pfizer lied in their invoices, their certifications, their statements, their records, their data, and their public reports. Pfizer even lied by claiming no alternative effective treatments existed. Pfizer continued to lie to this day, including hiding adverse events reporting occurring to this very day. Indeed, Pfizer, to this day, often delivers a different chemical compound than the one ordered, altering or adulterating their delivered product. These lies mattered because the FDA and DOD bought the lies – hook, line and sinker. And they still do. That doesn’t make them any less a lie, nor any less material to the outcome of the matter. Does anyone sincerely think an objectively reasonable agency would buy a dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that disables millions, kills hundreds of thousands, costs billions of dollars, and doesn’t even prevent Covid19?

Essence of the Bargain: Pfizer induced the contract itself by promising to deliver a clinically-test, data-documented, medically-proven, ethically-compliant, safe, effective, vaccine, for the prevention of Covid19, at speed and scale, without any other alternative available for either treatment or prevention of Covid19. Pfizer knew they couldn't do that. Indeed, Pfizer knew there were effective alternatives available that precluded Pfizer from ever obtaining authorization for their product. So Pfizer lied. A lot. Pfizer, were it Pinocchio, would have a nose that travels across galaxies by now. Instead, Pfizer delivered a dangerous, ineffective, gene therapy that didn't prevent anything, when Pfizer knew there were effective alternatives available. Pfizer's product caused more harm than good. Pfizer lied to induce the contract, then lied to induce EUA, and then lied to induce payment. Brook Jackson witnessed this fraud, reported it to her superiors, expressed concern to her employer that this was fraud on the government, and when she blew the whistle to the government, she was quickly fired because her employer knew the scale of the fraud on the government she was exposing and wished to silence her instead. Pfizer’s counsel even tried to call her on her personal phone number at her private home the day she blew the whistle to the FDA. The effect of Pfizer's action is the worst fraud on the government in public health history, and the biggest public health debacle of American history. Pfizer, which falsely advertised the product as a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19 and secretly paid other organizations to lobby for their product to be mandated upon the public as a condition of employment, caused the deaths and disabilities of millions of Americans, while defrauding the American people of billions of dollars. Pfizer lied and people died. Are the courts as dead as a Pfizer vaccine victim?

Conclusion: Pfizer promised a safe, effective, vaccine for the prevention of Covid19. Pfizer promised they could prove it with strict compliance to the rigorous rules and restrictions of the FDA clinical trial safeguards. Pfizer promised honest data from clinically-compliant testing. Pfizer lied. Pfizer lied from the inception, and kept lying to cover up the first lies to keep the checks flowing. Pfizer lied, people died, and Pfizer got billions for it. That is what Brook Jackson uncovered. That is what she told her employer she uncovered: fraud upon the government for billions of dollars. Pfizer lied. People died. Does Pfizer get to get rich off it?

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The next stage of midterm results grief: denial

It’s an amazing thing… Seeing the people who have been cheering on the policy that led to this catastrophic defeat, now pretending they never did.

I won’t name names. Don’t need to. It’s literally out of Orwell’s 1984.

People who were cheering on the Iran war yesterday now calling for the Oscar “neocons”.

I can’t imagine what it’s like to have so little shame…

The other coping mechanism is denial. Now people claiming the election was stolen due to fraud.

A lot of people providing a graph that shows 20 million more votes in 2026 and 2024. Conveniently not comparing it to 2018.

I don’t think it was fraud. But even if it was, the Republicans had all three levers of power since getting elected on solving fraud to solve the fraud.

If they did not defeat the fraud, and are now defeated by that fraud, that is on their inability to get the job done.

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The Barnes Brief, Podcast Format: Monday, July 17, 2023

Closing Argument: Birthright citizenship is deeply American, and wholly Constitutional.

The Barnes Brief, Podcast Format: Monday, July 17, 2023
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Audio podcast style.

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If you are going to say "oh it's election fraud", then you have to deal with certain issues aside from providing actual markers of fraud. If you're in a Republican controlled state, then you need to deal with a few things as the justification for being upset about "fraudulent voting".

1) The process for registering voters and checking citizenship. This is authorized by the legislature, rules and regulations for doing it are created by the election board, and then administered by the counties. If your process doesn't require a social security number, doesn't involve a citizenship check, then that is the fault of your secretary of state and state level government. In other words, it's the Republicans' fault in those states.

2) If there is fraud that isn't prosecuted, exploitation of these procedures, that is the DA and AG's fault. The county election board should be collecting data, that can be then used to process valid and invalid voter registrations.

3) If these 2 things aren't ...

Questions for Bourbon with Barnes: Thursday, November 5, 2026

Ask in replies and answering Live at 9ish eastern tonight.

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The Barnes Brief: November 6, 2026
I. THE INTRODUCTION
 

Special Notices

 
A. Art of the Day 
  • A common source of painting over the years: the Charles Bridge in Prague, it’s broad pathway bordered by statues of saints over the centuries blessing the passers by. In the eye’s view awaits towering buildings criss-crossing the ages of architecture, from the Romanesque to the Cubist, the Gothic sprites to Rennaisance palaces, from the Baroque glamor to the Art Nouveau throwbacks. Prague — the place where a local biker barking at you on Kafka street seems strangely in sync with the wild styles that speak to you across its skyline, where a visit to a local cafe invites you back into a 12th century cave where dissidents hid out and plotted revolutions.  All of it you can glimpse from the bridge that bridges time itself across its skyline. 
 
B. Wisdom of the Day
 
  • "No man is big enough to run this great Republic. There never has been one. Such domination was never intended. Tranquillity, stability, dependability—all are assured in party sponsorship. and we mean to renew the assurances which were rended in the cataclysmal war.” Warren Harding, July 1920. 

 
C. Appearances & Publications
 
 
D. Daily Picks
 
E. *Bonus: Board Post of the Day
 
II. THE EVIDENCE: BARNES LIBRARY
 
A. Food & Medicine
 
B. Economics
 
C. Politics
 
D. Geopolitics
 
E. Culture & History
 
III. HOMEWORK: Ten of the Top Cases for Sunday Show
  1. Dhillon out. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/11/05/us/politics/harmeet-dhillon-resigns-doj-civil-rights-unit.html
  2. Brennan potential prosecutor out. https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/6203924-reding-quinones-doj-resignation/
  3. Big Tech demands right to harm kids. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/meta-v-bonta-complaint.pdf
  4. Trump project blocked. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/chutkan-trump-memorial-arch-blocked-opinion.pdf
  5. Ukraine abuse exposed. https://courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/gandzyuk-and-others-v-ukraine-echr-judgment.pdf
  6. Immunity at SCOTUS. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/nielsen-scotus-cato-amicus.pdf
  7. Brand convicted. https://www.reuters.com/world/comedian-russell-brand-found-guilty-rape-2026-11-05/
  8. Business reviews and libel law. https://courthousenews.com/minnesota-high-court-urged-to-shield-negative-google-reviews-from-defamation-suits/
  9. Panhandling ban held unconstitutional. https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/unpub/files/202311163.pdf
  10. European censorship laws expand. https://rmx.news/article/prison-time-for-discussing-the-great-replacement-french-left-wing-lawmakers-push-for-new-draconian-law/
 
IV. CLOSING ARGUMENT: Classes in the Constitution — Presidential Impeachment
  • The Constitution confers the power of removal of the President through impeachment to Congress, and Congress alone.
  • First, Section 2 of Article I governing the legislative powers of the federal government provide the House “shall have the sole Power of Impeachment” acting as the grand jury function in the impeachment process. The Senate has no role in initiating impeachment, and can only act if the House acts first. The absence of super-majority requirements provide the House to allow impeachment by a mere majority of it’s members present, like any other legislative act.
  • Second, section 4 of Article II cabins what can constitute grounds for impeachment can result in removal, conditioning it upon three substantive claims — treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors, No specific definition is given of what constitutes “high crimes” but its analogy to treason and bribery provide some direction, as does the historical understanding of the term at the time of ratification — the kind of criminal act that endangers the Constitutional republic and cannot be answered by awaiting a Presidential election.  Treason itself is Constitutionally constricted definitionally in section 3 of Article 3 to “consist only in leving war, or in adhering to their Enemeies, giving them aid and comfort.”
  • Third, Section 3 of Article I imposes further substantive constraints on Impeachment by limiting the legal consequences of impeachment “shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States” while coequally providing that conviction in impeachment does not act as double jeopardy against subsequent criminal prosecution.
  • Fourth, Section 2 of Article 3 removes jury trials from “cases of impeachment” and removes the judicial branch from the Presidential impeachment process except for one limited role: the Chief Justice presiding over the trial.  Under Clause 6 of Section 4 of Article I, the Constitution confers the “sole power to try all impeachments” to the Senate, requiring a “concurrence of two thirds of the members present” to convict.
  • Fifth, the judgment of conviction is not appealable to any other body, and the Senate’s declaration according to its own roles immedietly effects “removal from office.” It has no retroactive or retrospective effect on the legality or validity of any prior Presidential act, even if that act is the grounds for impeachment and conviction itself. Other than Chief Judge setting the rule for evidence admission, the interpretation of the impeachment clause and its impact is left to the judgment of the House and Senate alike. Theoretically, a Chief Justice could impose a different intepretation on the substantive meaning of the conditions of conviction, given its power to “preside over” the trial, but has generally not been interpreted or applied in that manner. 
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The Barnes Brief, Halloween Weekend, 2026
I. THE INTRODUCTION
 

Special Notices

 
A. Art of the Day 
  • Mysterious without malevolence, a Sleepy Hollow kind of invite, in the deep woods of deep fall, the kind pumpkins waiting like hitchhikers on All Hallows Eve to greet a pleasant hello, the wavy trees just spooky enough to give a premonition of concern without too much fear, the road part inviting to the curious, part concerning to the wary traveler. Welcome to All Hallows Eve. 
 
B. Wisdom of the Day
    • “The Harvest Moon glows round and bold,
      In pumpkin shades outlined in gold,
      Illuminating eerie forms,
      Unnatural as a candied corn.
      Beware what dare crawls up your sleeve,
      For 'tis the night called Hallows Eve.” Richelle Goodrich. 
 
C. Appearances & Publications
 
 
D. Daily Picks
 
E. *Bonus: Board Post of the Day
 
II. THE EVIDENCE: BARNES LIBRARY
 
A. Food & Medicine
 
B. Economics
 
C. Politics
 
D. Geopolitics
 
E. Law
III. HOMEWORK: Ten of the Top Cases for Sunday Show
  1. Right to sue judges. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/us-v-maddox.pdf
  2. Government funded ads stopped. https://courthousenews.com/judge-blocks-3-maga-ads-over-concerns-they-breached-taxpayer-funded-propaganda-law/
  3. NFL verdict reinstated. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/ninth-circuit-nfl-opinion.pdf
  4. Zuckerberg suit. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/meta-zuckerberg-stock-control-bid-class-action.pdf
  5. 2ndA & CIA. https://courthousenews.com/fourth-circuit-considers-second-amendment-argument-from-man-arrested-near-cia-headquarters/
  6. Candace vs Macron. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/macron-owens-dismissal.pdf
  7. United sued for high costs by employers. https://www.plansponsor.com/six-employers-accuse-unitedhealth-of-breaching-fiduciary-duty/
  8. Ninth Circuit allows blocking DHS elections investigation. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hUpCfn3tnQMXEyk7nC1yD-ls2ZHeeK19/view
  9. Abortion right questioned. https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2026/10/30/26-5558.pdf
  10. Comey indicted. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.297297/gov.uscourts.dcd.297297.1.0.pdf
IV. CLOSING ARGUMENT: Classes in the Constitution — Governing Elections
  • Article I establishes how individuals become members of the House of Representatives; first, they must be “chosen every second year”; second, they must be chosen “by the People”; third, the represenation must be by the “several states”; fourth, the voters must be as broad the qualifications for voting for a member of “the most numerous branch of the state legislature.” Article I limits the qualifications for holding office to age (25 years or older), duration of citizenship (7 years minimum), and an inhabitant of the state claiming to represent (at time of election). Of note, the number of representatives within a state depend upon a required census and apportionment.
  • Article I further establishes state control over elections to federal office, subject to Congressional oversight. As Clause 2 of Section 4 of Article 1 provides: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senator and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislatire thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.”
  • The first aspect confers control over the “times” of “holding elections" to Congress to “each State”; the second aspect confers control over the “places” of "holding elections” to “each State”; the third aspct confers the “manner” of holding such elections to “each state.” Of note, the power conferred is not given to the state as a whole; rather, in each case, the power is conferred only upon “the legislature thereof.” Note the power is not conferred upon the judicial branch or executive branch of the state, nor to lower county , city or town functionaries of the state. The power to control federal elections is conferred solely upon the legislature of the state. Notably, Congress’ supervisory power is equally constrited to “the times, places and manner” of holding federal elections which they can only “make or alter” by a passed “law.”
  • Of particular note, the “judge of the elections, returns and qualifications” is solely the Congress itself under section 5 of Article I.  Article 2 confers no particular elections power on the Presidency. Article 3 confers no particular elections power on the Judiciary. Congress may, under its power to regulater the “times, places and manner” of elections confer power upon the executive branch or the judicial branch as it seels fit as long as it does not delegate legislative-making power to those bodies.  
  • The Constitutional qualification to it all is the Bill of Rights, restricting the state method of governing election that may condition access to the ballot or expression by the voter according to status. The First Amendment prohibits states from limiting the freedom of assemply and association, of which elections remain the paramount form. The Tenth Amendment protects the right of the people preserved against all governments. The Fifteenth Amendment protects the “right of citizens of the United States to vote” without regard to race. The Nineteenth Amendment protects “the right of citizens of the United States to vote” regardless of gender. The Twenty Fourth Amendment protects “the right of citizens of the United States to vote” regardless of “poll tax or other tax.” The Twenty Sixth Amendment protects “the right of citizens of the United States to vote” regardless of age once a person is at least 18. The broad 14th Amendment provides for Congress to pay laws protecting all property and liberty from incursion or intrusion by the state, manifested in the Civil Rights Acts and Voting Rights Act laws of Congress that, in turn, confer power upon both the Exeuctive branch and the Judicial branch accordingly.
  • Aside from matters arising under the Bill of Rights or special Congressional legislation, the Constitution otherwise confers all powers of regulating federal elections solely and exclusively to the legislature of each state. 
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The Barnes Brief: Weekend of October 24, 2026
I. THE INTRODUCTION
 

Special Notices

 
A. Art of the Day 
  • I love globes and maps, especially those with a vintage flavor or ancient maps of how we perceived the world in the past, to show quickly the world can change, how connected so many part of the world can be, the ever present reality of geography in history and contemporary geopolitics, continuing to shape the world we inhabit and how rapidly it we can shift. 
 
B. Wisdom of the Day
  • “Each betrayal begins first with trust.” Martin Luther. 

C. Appearances & Publications
 
 
D. Daily Picks
 
E. *Bonus: Board Post of the Day
 
II. THE EVIDENCE: BARNES LIBRARY
 
A. Food & Medicine
 
B. Economics
 
C. Politics
 
D. Geopolitics
 
E. Law
 
III. HOMEWORK: Ten of the Top Cases for Sunday Show
 
  1. ICE Detentions. https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/28830924/sosnava.pdf
  2. ICE & Elections. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/california-nurses-vs-mullin-preliminary-injunction.pdf
  3. ID & Elections. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/scanlan-v-coalition-open-democracy-order-scotus.pdf
  4. DOJ sues Alaska over Senate race. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.akd.80263/gov.uscourts.akd.80263.1.0.pdf
  5. Bias rejected in Italy trial. https://courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/berlusconi-v-italy-echr-2026-judgment.pdf
  6. Tommy Robinson trial. https://courthousenews.com/british-far-right-activist-defends-messages-to-journalists-in-harassment-trial/
  7. DEI reversal cites AI judges. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/fifth-circuit-mississippi-dei-injunction-reversed.pdf
  8. 2A win in NY. https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/buffalo-fed-body-armor-ruling.pdf
  9. Instacart discrimination. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/civil-rights-division-and-equal-employment-opportunity-commission-secure-5000000-joint
  10. 2A protects switchblades. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca5.225116/gov.uscourts.ca5.225116.136.1.pdf
 
IV. CLOSING ARGUMENT: Classes in the Constitution — Presidential & Vice Presidential Replacements
 
  • Section 4 of Article II the Constitution provides the President “shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” The House gets to be the sole judge of what constitutes a "high crime and misdemeanor" for impeachment while the Senate gets to be the sole judge of what facts constitute "a high crime and misdemeanor." 
  • Clause 5 of Section 2 of Article I vests the power of Impeachment solely to the House of Representatives. Given no specific requirement as to support to impeach, the majority vote default rule presides historically.
  • Clause 6 of Section 3 of Article I vests the power to try impeachments solely in the Senate, requiring "Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present." This means Senators who absent themselves from the Chamber may be excluded potentially from the baseline required to reach two-thirds. 
  • Clause 6 of Section 1 of Article II provides that the Vice President obtains the powers of the President — “all executive powers of the federal government — “in case of” either “removal, death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said Office.”
  • In the instance both are removed, resigned, die, or are unable to discharge the duties, then Congress may legislate what Officer shall then act as President. The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that the Speaker of the House becomes the officer who becomes President in case of Presidential and Vice Presidential absence, followed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and then the cabinet in priority of when that cabinet office was first established. In that last instance, the Secretary of State is first, the Secretary of Treasury second, and the Secretary of Defense third.
  • The Twenthy Fifth Amednment slightly amends that process, still proving the succession protocols. In the case of removal, or death or resignation, “the Vice President shall become President.” Replacement of the Vice President requires Presidential nomination and “confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.” 

 

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